Abdomen anatomy

The major organs of the abdomen include the small intestine, large intestine, and stomach. Together, these three turn nutrients into usable energy, as well as help dispose of solid waste. Major organs that help filter contaminants out of the body are also in the abdominal region. These include the liver and kidneys. The liver is located in the upper right-hand part of the abdominal cavity, under the ribs. Although it has many functions, the liver is best known for processing blood, separating waste from nutrients. The gallbladder is a small sack under the liver that holds extra bile made by the liver until it is pumped into the small intestine. Bile helps break down fat. The pancreas is yet another gland that produces enzymes to help your body digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. It also makes hormones that help regulate the distribution of nutrients, including sugar. Most people have two kidneys, which are located near the back of the body, under the ribs, on each side of the spine. Kidneys filter waste out of the bloodstream, which is passed out of the body as urine. The kidneys also help regulate levels of electrolytes, like salt and potassium, and produce certain hormones that play various roles throughout the body. On top of the kidneys are the suprarenal (adrenal) glands. These synthesize and secrete hormones that help the kidneys to conserve sodium, thus conserving water. They also play a role in supporting the body’s sexual functions, among other things. Key b...

Overview Your linea alba is a thin band of stretchy tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen. It expands like a rubber band during pregnancy. What is the linea alba? The linea alba is a thin band of connective tissue that runs down the front of your abdomen. It separates the left and right sides of your rectus abdominis. Your rectus abdominis is sometimes called your "six-pack abs." It begins at the lower end of your sternum (breastbone) and ends at the public bone. It's highly elastic (like a rubber band) and strong. It's an attachment point for other Linea alba means "white line" in Latin. The linea alba appears as a colorless groove in people with muscular abdominals (giving the appearance of a six-pack). During pregnancy, the linea alba darkens and is called the linea nigra. Conditions like pregnancy and What is the linea nigra? The linea nigra is a dark vertical line that appears on the skin of your stomach during What is diastasis recti? Diastasis recti is when the rectus abdominis muscles separate during and after pregnancy from being stretched. The separation can make your belly stick out or bulge months or years after you've given birth. Does everyone have a linea alba? Yes, everyone has a linea alba. However, most people will not notice their linea alba because it blends into their skin (unless you are pregnant). Why does your linea alba appear in pregnancy? The linea alba gets darker in pregnancy because of higher hormone levels. The placenta causes your ...

Synonyms: Ventriculus The stomach is an organ of the Thanks to the stomach, every human is technically capable of corroding metal and picking up new hobbies, such as competitive eating. These are possible due to the extremely potent hydrochloric acid and the expandable nature of this organ. Key facts about the stomach Relations Anteriorly: diaphragm, liver (left lobe), and Posteriorly: omental bursa (lesser sac), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, and splenic artery Superiorly: esophagus and diaphragm Inferiorly and laterally: transverse mesocolon Parts Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part Mnemonic: Cows Find Bulls Passionate Functions Mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, hormone secretion Layers Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa Mnemonic: M.S.M.S Blood supply Gastric arteries, gastroomental arteries, short gastric arteries, posterior gastric arteries, gastroduodenal artery Innervation Parasympathetic: vagus nerve (CN X) Sympathetic: celiac plexus (T5-T12) Lymphatics Juxtacardial, gastric, short gastric, gastroomental, and pyloric lymph nodes Drain to celiac nodes → intestinal lymphatic trunk → cisterna chyli → thoracic duct Clinical point Hiatal hernia In this article we’ll explore every aspect of the stomach mentioned above, including the precise position of the stomach within the + Show all Anatomy Location The stomach is the most dilated part of the digestive system, lying between the greater omentum then continues infe...

EXAMPLE REPORTING TEMPLATE WITH CHECKLIST: LOWER CHEST: Lung bases are clear. No pleural or pericardial effusion • Lung bases • Pleural effusion • Pericardial effusion LIVER AND BILIARY: Normal liver morphology and enhancement. No masses. Normal gallbladder morphology. Normal caliber intrahepatic and common bile ducts. • Morphology • Enhancement • Masses • Vasculature • Gallbladder • Intrahepatic ducts • Common bile duct PANCREAS: Normal morphology and enhancement. No ductal dilation or masses. No peripancreatic fluid. • Morphology • Enhancement • Lesions • Ductal dilation/anatomy SPLEEN: Normal size and enhancement • Size • Enhancement • Lesions ADRENALS: Normal morphology. No masses. • Morphology • Masses KIDNEYS, URETERS, AND BLADDER: Normal renal size, morphology, and enhancement. No solid masses. No urolithiasis or hydronephrosis. Normal bladder wall thickness and enhancement. • Morphology • Enhancement • Masses • Stones • Collecting system • Ureters • Bladder GI TRACT AND PERITONEUM: Normal morphology of the stomach and duodenum. Normal caliber small and large bowel. Normal appendix. No ascites. • Acute findings (SBO, appy, diverticulitis, enteritis, colitis, appendagitis, etc) • Distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction • Stomach • Duodenum • Small and large bowel caliber, wall thickness, enhancement • Hernias (ventral, umbilical, spigellian, parastomal, lumbar, inguinal, femoral, obturator, sciatic) • Fluid collections • Free fluid • Free air • Peritoneal or o...

Synonyms: Abdominal region, Regio abdominis , The abdominal wall surrounds the The abdominal wall can be divided into two sections: anterolateral and posterior abdominal walls. This complex structure consists of numerous layers, from Key facts about the abdominal wall Layers of the abdominal wall From superficial to deep: - Skin - Superficial fascia - Muscles - Transversalis fascia - Extraperitoneal fat (extraperitoneal fascia) - Peritoneum Function Protection of the internal abdominal organs Stabilization and rotation of the trunk Increase of intra-abdominal pressure (involved in coughing, defecating, vomiting) Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles Transversus abdominis muscle Internal abdominal oblique muscle Rectus abdominis muscle External abdominal oblique muscle Pyramidalis muscle Mnemonic: TIRE Pump Posterior abdominal wall muscles Psoas major muscle Iliacus muscle Quadratus lumborum muscle Psoas minor muscle By the way, did you know that - technically speaking - each one of us has ‘six-pack’ shaped abs? They are formed by the tendinous intersections of the rectus abdominis, a shy muscle that usually hides behind a fatty layer of the Camper’s fascia and is therefore invisible in most people. Read about these abdominal wall structures, and more, in the following article. Let’s first take a look at the surface anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall, before we dive into its layer description. The anterolateral abdominal wall spans the anterior and lateral ...

Overview The digestive system is made up of the gastrointestinal tract-mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, and rectum. What is the stomach? The stomach is a J-shaped organ that digests food. It produces Your stomach is part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is a long tube that starts at your mouth. It runs to your anus, where stool (poop) leaves your body. The GI tract is a key part of your Function What is the stomach’s function? Your stomach’s purpose is to digest food and send it to your small intestine. It has three functions: • Temporarily store food. • Contract and relax to mix and break down food. • Produce enzymes and other specialized cells to digest food. How does the stomach work with the rest of the GI tract? Each part of your GI tract breaks down food and liquid and carries it through your body. During the digestive process, your body absorbs nutrients and water. Then, you expel the waste products of digestion through your large intestine. Food moves through your GI tract in a few steps: • Mouth: As you chew and swallow, your tongue pushes food into your throat. A small piece of tissue called the epiglottis covers your windpipe. The epiglottis prevents choking. • Esophagus: Food travels down a hollow tube called the • Stomach: Your stomach creates digestive juices and breaks down food. It holds food until it is ready to empty into your • Small intestine: Food mixes with the digestive juices from your intestine, • Large intestine:...

To make the most of your abdominal training, knowing which exercises work best and which are ineffective is wise. Some abdominal devices or movements may even increase your risk of injury. It's also worth knowing where each abdominal muscle is, what they do, and how they can be exercised with the least risk of injury. Rectus Abdominis The most well-known and prominent abdominal muscle is the rectus abdominis. It is the long, flat muscle that extends vertically between the pubis and the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs. The rectus abdominis connects to the xiphoid process, a bony landmark at the bottom of the sternum. Because of their unique alignment (at right angles to each other), the internal and external obliques are referred to as opposite-side rotators. Both do side bending to the same side, but the external oblique on the left rotates the trunk/spine to the right, whereas the internal oblique on the left rotates the trunk/spine to the left. To engage your transversus abdominis, "focus on exhaling and at the very end of the exhalation, contract the pelvic floor muscles and TVA," says Kristin McGee, Peloton yoga and meditation Instructor. "When you fill-up with breath, try and expand the back and sides of the waist," McGee adds, "and not put too much pressure on the front of the abs." Some ab exercises work the hip flexors more than the abs. One example is the full sit-up exercise, especially when the feet are held down. This movement primarily involves the hip flexors ...

Normal CT scan of the abdomen Computed tomography ( CT or CAT scan) is one of the most commonly used CT is an imaging technique that uses x-ray beams to produce images that depict the tissues in two and three dimensions based on their density. The density of the structures is expressed in the Hounsfield unit (HUs) and it reflects the level of absorption of x-ray beams by certain structures in the body. It ranges from +1000 (hyperdense), 0 (isodense), to -1000 (hypodense). Key facts about the abdominal CT Definition Computed tomography is a computerized, x-ray based, imaging procedure that generates Mechanism The mechanism is based on a quickly rotating narrow beam of x-rays directed towards a patient that produces signals that are processed by the machine's software. Terminology Hyperdense - bright structures (usually bones) Hypodense - dark structures (usually air) Isodense - gray structures (fluids) This article will explain how to read an abdominal CT scan on the concrete examples of the CT images of the How to orientate with CT scan Before getting into the detailed description of the structures that are visible on the abdominal CT, it is important to know how to orientate with a CT scan. The The CT machine provides a series of these cross-sectional scans that can be rendered into a 3D image. The CT machine also allows you to 'window' different structures on the scan. Windowing refers to the contrast adjustment in order to change the appearance of the picture to highlig...