Cop 27 drishti ias

Premium UPSC Essentials: Issue at a glance — COP-27 and its dialogue with world All you need to know about COP-27— from its key takeaways to what it missed. Beyond the issue know main strategies of India in effective mitigation of climate change. Point to ponder, MCQ and Post Read Q&A will help you to consolidate the issue. The COP27 is significant due to the agreement on loss and damage. But the meet did not address several other pressing issues. Let’s learn from basics to advance about COP27 for your exams and general knowledge. Relevance: Climate, Environment and Ecology are very essential areas for UPSC prelims, mains and personality test. The big event this year, COP-27 is a prominent issue for your examination. We go from basics to advance to learn about COP-27. Mains Examination: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment. Why in news? — Recently COP-27 got concluded in Egypt. It was the first climate summit held in Africa since 2016. The next conference will be hosted by Dubai in 2023. What is COP? According to unfccc.int: — The Conference of Parties (COP) is the apex decision-making body of the United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention (UNFCCC). — The UNFCCC was formed in 1994 to stabilize the greenhouse gas emissions and to protect the earth from the threat of climate change. ALSO READ | — The COP meets every year, unless the Parties decide otherwise. The first COP meeting was held in Berli...

GS Paper 3 Syllabus:Environment (Conservation-related issues) Source: DTE Direction: The article highlights the agenda, and outcomes of COP27. We have Context: All agendas, including the loss and damage fund and the Sharm El-Sheikh Implementation Plan, were adopted during the UNFCCC COP27 closing ceremony in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt. Background: • Delegates from 197 countries (all are of the Paris Climate Accord) gathered at the 27th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP27). • They came together to find a solution to prevent global temperatures from reaching 2 degrees Celsius above the long-term average temperature between 1951 and 1980. What was on the agenda of COP27? • Mitigation: • The goal of mitigation is to keep global temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius. • However, despite making big commitments such as the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), progress since COP26 has been severely inadequate (Emissions Gap Report 2022). • Adaptation: According to the Global Climate Risk Index, developing and poor countries (Mozambique, South Sudan, India, etc.) were the countries most affected by extreme weather events in 2019. • Over $350 million and $600 million were pledged to the Adaptation Fund and the Least Developed Countries Fund, at COP26. • These efforts, however, must be backed up by political will. • Finance: At the 2009 COP15 meeting, developed countries agreed to pledge $100 billion per year by 2020 (extended until 2025 during COP21) to assist developin...

Context • The27th Conference of Parties (COP-27)to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change concluded on November 20 and the outcomes of the conference seem to be a mixed bag of achievements and failures. • In this context, this edition of The Burning Issue will expand on the outcomes of COP-27 and India’s steps and stand taken during the conference and finally a way forward. What is COP? • The word ‘COP’ is an acronym for ‘Conference of the Parties. The ‘parties’ are the governments around the world that have signed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), a treaty agreed upon in 1994. • Every year, the COP is hosted by a different nation and the first such COP meeting – ‘COP1’ – took place in Germany in 1995.The conferences are attended by world leaders, negotiators, and ministers, and also by representatives from civil society, business, international organisations, and the media. • The latest COP-27 edition convened in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt with the theme “Together for Implementation” and to renew and extend the agreements reached in the historic Paris Agreement. Major Positive Outcomes of COP27 • Loss and damage Fund: Developing countries have been seeking financial assistance for loss and damage – money needed to rescue and rebuild the physical and social infrastructure of countries devastated by extreme weather – for nearly three decades. Finally achieving agreement on a fund is a major milestone. Now comes the difficult part – the fund must be ...

GS Paper 3 Syllabus: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests Source: DTE C ontext: At the 27th Conference of Parties (COP27) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, countries have agreed to discuss providing financial support to address loss and damage caused by climate change. Background: • Climate change driven by humans has already warmed the earth by 1.1 degrees Celsius, and millions of people are now feeling the effects of rising temperatures and extreme weather events. • This means that certain climate change losses and damages are unavoidable. • The decision to discuss loss and damage at COP27 follows recent climate disasters in Europe (worst drought in 500 years), Pakistan (worst ever flooding) and heat waves in many regions of the world. About Loss and damage: • It is used in UN climate negotiations to express the effects of climate change that outweigh people’s ability to adapt. • It is disproportionately affecting vulnerable communities, making addressing the issue a matter of climate justice. • While the UNFCCC has not defined loss and damage precisely, it is caused by extreme weather events (cyclones, droughts, heatwaves) and slow-onset changes (sea level rise, desertification, ocean acidification). • Climate change damages can be classified as economic losses or non-economic losses (such as loss of life). Evolution of the concept: • The ...

Context: Representatives from the world’s nations meet in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt to flesh out the rules of a new global climate pact. Decades of climate talks have spawned a host of acronyms and jargon. Glasgow Pact: • Reached at the 2021 U.N. climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, the Glasgow Pact marked the first time a U.N. climate agreement mentioned the goal of reducing fossil fuel use. • The pact marked a breakthrough in efforts to resolve rules guiding the international trade of carbon markets to offset emissions. Paris Agreement: • It was the successor to the Kyoto Protocol. • This international climate treaty expired in 2020. • Agreed in December 2015, the Paris Agreement aims to limit the rise in the average global surface temperature. • To do this, countries that signed the accord set national pledges to reduce humanity’s effect on the climate that are meant to become more ambitious over time. • The Paris accord legally bound its signatories collectively to limit greenhouse gas emissions to keep the temperature rise well below 2.0 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit) this century. • But the countries also promised to “pursue efforts” to keep the rise below 1.5C (2.7F). Kyoto Protocol(KP): • In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol (3rd COP) was concluded and established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. • The KP was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. The KP came into force in 2005. • There are currently 192 Parties. • USA ...

Delivering for people and the planet On 20November, the 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP27), that took place in the Egyptian coastal city of Sharm el-Sheikh, concluded with a historic decision to establish and operationalize a loss and damage fund. Welcoming the decision and calling the fund essential, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that more needs to be done to drastically reduce emissions now. “The world still needs a giant leap on climate ambition.” “The red line we must not cross is the line that takes our planet over the 1.5 degree temperature limit,” he stressed, urging the world not to relent “in the fight for climate justice and climate ambition.” “We can and must win this battle for our lives,” he concluded. From 6 to 20November, COP27 held high-level and side events, key negotiations, and press conferences, hosting more than 100 Heads of State and Governments, over 35,000 participants and numerous pavilions showcasing climate action around the world and across different sectors. UN Chief: “We can and must win this battle for our lives” as COP27 concludes COP27 concludes with a historic decision to establish and operationalize a loss and damage fund. “Together, let’s not relent in the fight for climate justice and climate ambition,” said the Secretary-General in his closing messaging. “We can and must win this battle for our lives.”

List of Contents • • • • • • Source– The post is based on the article “At COP27, one hit and many misses” and published in The Indian Express and “deja vu over the story of a calamity foretold” published in the mint on 23rd November 2022. Syllabus: GS3- Environment degradation News- The article explains the major developments at COP27. What were the expectations from COP27? COP27 would respond to the growing urgency for greater emission cuts. It was expected that every country would be asked to strengthen their respective climate actions every year from now to 2030. As of now, the countries have to upgrade their climate actions every five years. The fossil fuel use would be phased down. There was hope related to inclusion of a stronger measures for pursuing the 1.5 degree Celsius target. There should be more emphasis on adaptation. It was hoped that COP27 would make some progress on identifying the adaptation goals. Another expectation was funding for adaptation purposes. Developing countries have been demanding that at least half of climate finance should be directed towards adaptation projects. What are the major decisions at COP27? There was a decision to set up a loss and damage fund. There was agreement on wording of the i mplementation plan. It was decided to continue the discussions on a work programme set up last year to urgently scale up mitigation action. COP27 decided that two global dialogues would be held each year as part of this work programme. It quantified...

Status: The COP took note of the oral report by the Chair, the report on SBSTA 56 and the draft report on SBSTA 57. Decision adopted under this agenda item: • Joint work on implementation of climate action on agriculture and food security • Common metrics used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks • Implementation of the Global Climate Observing System • Revision of the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories for Parties included in Annex I to the Convention Other decisions recommended by the SBSTA were adopted under their respective agenda items. Status: The COP took note of the oral report by the Chair, the report on SBI 56 and the draft report on SBI 57. Decisions adopted under this agenda item were as follows: • National adaptation plans • Joint work on implementation of climate action on agriculture and food security • Action plan under the Glasgow work programme on Action for Climate Empowerment • Revision of the modalities and procedures for international assessment and review Other decisions recommended by the SBI were adopted under their respective agenda items. Status: The draft report was adopted as contained in document FCCC/CP/2022/L.1on the understanding that the Rapporteur, with the assistance of the secretariat, will complete the report and make it available to all Parties. The secretariat provided a preliminary assessment of the resource implications of decisions ado...

Table of Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Climate Change: a reality? • Mostly because of human actions, the concentration of gases like Carbon-di-oxide, Methane etc has increased in earth’s atmosphere and has resulted in phenomena called Green House Effect. • Because of Green House Effect, the average global temperature has increased, which is known as Global Warming. • The 2016 average temperatures were about 1.3 °C (2.3 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average in 1880 when global record-keeping began. • It is estimated that the difference between today’s temperature and the last ice age is about 5°C. • Global Warming is dangerous all life on earth. • The only way to deal with the change in climate is to reduce the emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) like Carbon Di Oxide and Methane. What is Paris Agreement? • In short, Paris Agreement is an international agreement to combat climate change. • From 30 November to 11 December 2015, the governments of 195 nations gathered in Paris, France, and discussed a possible new global agreement on climate change, aimed at reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and thus reduce the threat of dangerous climate change. • The 32-page Paris agreement with 29 articles is widely recognized as a historic deal to stop global warming. Aims of Paris Agreement As countries around the world recognized that climate change is a reality, they came together to sign a historic deal to combat climate change – Paris Agreement. The aims of Paris ...